Modeling canopy-induced turbulence in the Earth system: a unified parameterization of turbulent exchange within plant canopies and the roughness sublayer (CLM-ml v0)

Land surface models used in climate models neglect the roughness sublayer and parameterize within-canopy turbulence in an ad hoc manner. We implemented a roughness sublayer turbulence parameterization in a multilayer canopy model (CLM-ml v0) to test if this theory provides a tractable parameterization extending from the ground through the canopy and the roughness sublayer. We compared the canopy model with the Community Land Model (CLM4.5) at seven forest, two grassland, and three cropland AmeriFlux sites over a range of canopy heights, leaf area indexes, and climates. CLM4.5 has pronounced biases during summer months at forest sites in midday latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, gross primary production, nighttime friction velocity, and the radiative temperature diurnal range. The new canopy model reduces these biases by introducing new physics. Advances in modeling stomatal conductance and canopy physiology beyond what is in CLM4.5 substantially improve model performance at the forest sites. The signature of the roughness sublayer is most evident in nighttime friction velocity and the diurnal cycle of radiative temperature, but is also seen in sensible heat flux. Within-canopy temperature profiles are markedly different compared with profiles obtained using Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, and the roughness sublayer produces cooler daytime and warmer nighttime temperatures. The herbaceous sites also show model improvements, but the improvements are related less systematically to the roughness sublayer parameterization in these canopies. The multilayer canopy with the roughness sublayer turbulence improves simulations compared with CLM4.5 while also advancing the theoretical basis for surface flux parameterizations

Enhanced transport protocols

The book presents mechanisms, protocols, and system architectures to achieve end-to-end Quality-of-Service (QoS) over heterogeneous wired/wireless networks in the Internet. Particular focus is on measurement techniques, traffic engineering mechanisms and protocols, signalling protocols as well as transport protocol extensions to support fairness and QoS. It shows how those mechanisms and protocols can be combined into a comprehensive end-to-end QoS architecture to support QoS in the Internet over heterogeneous wired/wireless access networks. Finally, techniques for evaluation of QoS mechanisms such as simulation and emulation are presented. The book is aimed at graduate and post-graduate students in Computer Science or Electrical Engineering with focus in data communications and networking as well as for professionals working in this area

Cardiopoietic cell therapy for advanced ischemic heart failure: results at 39 weeks of the prospective, randomized, double blind, sham-controlled CHART-1 clinical trial

Cardiopoietic cells, produced through cardiogenic conditioning of patients' mesenchymal stem cells, have shown preliminary efficacy. The Congestive Heart Failure Cardiopoietic Regenerative Therapy (CHART-1) trial aimed to validate cardiopoiesis-based biotherapy in a larger heart failure cohort

Future Internet - new generation telecommunication network

Obecna sieć internet opiera się na stosie protokołów TCP/IP oraz dwóch głównych założeniach: na oferowaniu jednej klasy usług (tj. usługi best effort) oraz przewymiarowaniu sieci. Te założenia projektowe w istotny sposób ograniczają obecnie rozwój sieci internet, uniemożliwiając oferowanie usług wymagających przekazu informacji w czasie rzeczywistym. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki dotychczasowych prac ukierunkowanych na wprowadzenie jakości przekazu pakietów w sieci internet oraz przyjęte na dzień dzisiejszy główne założenia budowy sieci, nazwanej Internet Przyszłości.Current Internet employs TCP/IP protocol stack and it works under two main principles: best effort class of service is the only one available in the network and network resources are over-dimensioned, if possible. However, the above assumptions limit further evolution of the Internet since such network is not able to assure packet transfer characteristics required by real-time applications. The paper summarizes the results of work aimed At improving quality of packet transfer in the IP-based networks and explains the fundamentals for Future Internet

PFS scheme for forcing better service in best effort IP network

The paper presents recent results corresponding to a new strategy for source traffic generating, named priority forcing scheme (PFS), allowing Internet users for getting better than best effort service in IP network. The concept of PFS assumes that an application, called PFS application, sends to the network a volume of additional traffic for the purpose of making the reservations for the data traffic in the overloaded router queues along the packet path in the IP network. The emitted redundant packets, named R-packets, should be rather of small size comparing to the data packets, named D-packets. The PFS scheme assumes that the R-packets waiting in a queue can be replaced by the arriving D-packets and belonging to the same flow. In this way, the D-packets can experience a prioritised service comparing to the packets produced by a non-PFS application. Notice that the proposed solution does not require any quality of service (QoS) mechanisms implemented in the network, like scheduler, dropping, marking etc., except R- and D-packets identification and replacing. We discuss the PFS efficiency for forcing priority in the overloaded conditions. Moreover simple system analysis is also presented. Finally, the profits of using PFS scheme are illustrated by examples corresponding to FTP (TCP controlled traffic) and VoIP (UDP streaming traffic) applications